HÉLIO SCHWARTSMAN
SÃO PAULO - Pessoas religiosas costumam dizer que seguem a vontade de Deus. A questão relevante então é descobrir como elas descobrem o que Deus quer, já que só uma minoria alega receber ordens diretas do Criador.
É justamente sobre esse intrigante ponto que as pesquisas de Nicholas Epley, da Universidade de Chicago, lançam luzes.
Epley e seus colaboradores entrevistaram centenas de pessoas e as inquiriram sobre temas moralmente carregados, como aborto, ação afirmativa, casamento gay, pena de morte e legalização da maconha. Também perguntaram como elas achavam que Deus via essas questões. A título de controle, pediram que os entrevistados dissessem quais seriam as respostas do americano médio, George W. Bush e Bill Gates sobre esses temas.
Houve grande coincidência entre as opiniões do indivíduo e aquelas que ele atribui a Deus. Por exemplo, se o sujeito é a favor da pena de morte, tende a dizer que o Criador também a defende -e vice-versa. Até aí não há muita surpresa. Vários estudos psicológicos já haviam demonstrado que nossas próprias convicções influem bastante sobre aquilo que imaginamos que outras pessoas pensam.
Os trabalhos de Epley ficam mais interessantes quando ele induz os participantes a modificar seu juízo, convidando-os a ler diante de uma câmara discursos contrários a seu ponto de vista inicial. Aí, como previsto pela psicologia experimental, o sujeito tende a reformular suas ideias. O curioso foi constatar que, nessas situações, a "opinião de Deus" também mudou, mas as atribuídas a Bush e Gates não.
Cereja no bolo: Epley também submeteu algumas de suas cobaias a estudos de neuroimagem, para constatar que, quando pensavam sobre o que Deus diria, ativavam os mesmos circuitos usados no pensamento autorreferencial.
O lado bom disso tudo é que ninguém precisa fazer muita força para estar do lado de Deus.
terça-feira, 4 de janeiro de 2011
Dear God, please confirm what I already believe
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18216-dear-god-please-confirm-what-i-already-believe.html
* 20:00 30 November 2009 by Andy Coghlan
* For similar stories, visit the The Human Brain Topic Guide
God may have created man in his image, but it seems we return the favour. Believers subconsciously endow God with their own beliefs on controversial issues.
"Intuiting God's beliefs on important issues may not produce an independent guide, but may instead serve as an echo chamber to validate and justify one's own beliefs," writes a team led by Nicholas Epley of the University of Chicago in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The researchers started by asking volunteers who said they believe in God to give their own views on controversial topics, such as abortion and the death penalty. They also asked what the volunteers thought were the views of God, average Americans and public figures such as Bill Gates. Volunteers' own beliefs corresponded most strongly with those they attributed to God.
Next, the team asked another group of volunteers to undertake tasks designed to soften their existing views, such as preparing speeches on the death penalty in which they had to take the opposite view to their own. They found that this led to shifts in the beliefs attributed to God, but not in those attributed to other people.
Moral compass
"People may use religious agents as a moral compass, forming impressions and making decisions based on what they presume God as the ultimate moral authority would believe or want," the team write. "The central feature of a compass, however, is that it points north no matter what direction a person is facing. This research suggests that, unlike an actual compass, inferences about God's beliefs may instead point people further in whatever direction they are already facing."
"The experiments in which we manipulate people's own beliefs are the most compelling evidence we have to show that people's own beliefs influence what they think God believes more substantially than it influences what they think other people believe," says Epley.
Finally, the team used fMRI to scan the brains of volunteers while they contemplated the beliefs of themselves, God or "average Americans". In all the experiments the volunteers professed beliefs in an Abrahamic God. The majority were Christian.
In the first two cases, similar parts of the brain were active. When asked to contemplate other Americans' beliefs, however, an area of the brain used for inferring other people's mental states was active. This implies that people map God's beliefs onto their own.
Imagination link
Other researchers say the findings reinforce earlier studies suggesting that thinking about God is intimately linked to the imagination.
These experiments "support previous findings that representations of God seem intimately related to the self, also in terms of brain function", says Uffe Schjødt of Aarhus University in Denmark, whose research published earlier this year showed that praying uses similar brain regions as talking to a friend.
"These findings help explain why supernatural religious agents are often attributed a physical form and issue edicts that resemble the social practices of the culture from which they emerge," says Jordan Grafman of the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, whose team earlier this year linked emergence of religion with the development of "theory of mind", the capacity to recognise that other living things have independent thought and intentions.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908374106 (in press)
* 20:00 30 November 2009 by Andy Coghlan
* For similar stories, visit the The Human Brain Topic Guide
God may have created man in his image, but it seems we return the favour. Believers subconsciously endow God with their own beliefs on controversial issues.
"Intuiting God's beliefs on important issues may not produce an independent guide, but may instead serve as an echo chamber to validate and justify one's own beliefs," writes a team led by Nicholas Epley of the University of Chicago in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The researchers started by asking volunteers who said they believe in God to give their own views on controversial topics, such as abortion and the death penalty. They also asked what the volunteers thought were the views of God, average Americans and public figures such as Bill Gates. Volunteers' own beliefs corresponded most strongly with those they attributed to God.
Next, the team asked another group of volunteers to undertake tasks designed to soften their existing views, such as preparing speeches on the death penalty in which they had to take the opposite view to their own. They found that this led to shifts in the beliefs attributed to God, but not in those attributed to other people.
Moral compass
"People may use religious agents as a moral compass, forming impressions and making decisions based on what they presume God as the ultimate moral authority would believe or want," the team write. "The central feature of a compass, however, is that it points north no matter what direction a person is facing. This research suggests that, unlike an actual compass, inferences about God's beliefs may instead point people further in whatever direction they are already facing."
"The experiments in which we manipulate people's own beliefs are the most compelling evidence we have to show that people's own beliefs influence what they think God believes more substantially than it influences what they think other people believe," says Epley.
Finally, the team used fMRI to scan the brains of volunteers while they contemplated the beliefs of themselves, God or "average Americans". In all the experiments the volunteers professed beliefs in an Abrahamic God. The majority were Christian.
In the first two cases, similar parts of the brain were active. When asked to contemplate other Americans' beliefs, however, an area of the brain used for inferring other people's mental states was active. This implies that people map God's beliefs onto their own.
Imagination link
Other researchers say the findings reinforce earlier studies suggesting that thinking about God is intimately linked to the imagination.
These experiments "support previous findings that representations of God seem intimately related to the self, also in terms of brain function", says Uffe Schjødt of Aarhus University in Denmark, whose research published earlier this year showed that praying uses similar brain regions as talking to a friend.
"These findings help explain why supernatural religious agents are often attributed a physical form and issue edicts that resemble the social practices of the culture from which they emerge," says Jordan Grafman of the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, whose team earlier this year linked emergence of religion with the development of "theory of mind", the capacity to recognise that other living things have independent thought and intentions.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908374106 (in press)
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